Costume Of Prelates Of the Catholic Church according to Roman Etiquette. By The Rev. John A. Nainfa S.S. Part 16.

CHAPTER VI. Rochet.

1. Description. — 2. A Sign of Jurisdiction. — S. Religious Prelates. — 4. Rules Determining the Use of the Rochet. — 5. Canons. — 6. Gotta Worn Over the Rochet.

1. The rochet is a close-fitting garment of linen, (a) something like a surplice, but with tight sleeves. The opening for the neck should be cut square, like that of the cotta; the bottom, the shoulder-pieces, and the extremities of the sleeves, ornamented with lace. (b) Under the lace, at the shoulder-pieces and sleeves, is put a silk lining, visible through the lace. This lining is of the same color as the trimmings of the choir cassock, that is, white for the Pope, scarlet for Cardinals, amaranth red for Bishops and Prelates di mantelletta. In penitential seasons, and on occasions of mourning, the lining of a Bishop's rochet is purple. (c) On the same occasions, Cardinals do not change the color of the lining of their rochets, because the trimmings of a Cardinal's mourning dress are scarlet. The Prelates di mantelletta always use red lining at the rochet, because there are for them no other occasions of mourning than the vacancy of the Holy See and the services on Good Friday, and then they wear rochets without lace.

Canons who have the privilege of wearing the rochet are not regularly entitled to have in their rochet any other lining than black, unless the choir cassock granted them be red or purple, in which case, they are permitted to wear the rochet lining of the same color as the cuffs of their sleeves.

When a Prelate di mantellone is granted the use of the rochet, he is allowed in his rochet purple lining only. The rochet of "black Protonotaries" and Vicars General, admits of no other lining than black.

The rochet has, on the breast, a vertical slit, which may be bordered with lace, and is tied near the neck with two ribbons of silk, which are not necessarily white, but may be of the same color as the lining of the rochet.

A plain rochet without lace is a sign of official mourning; such a rochet is worn by all Prelates residing in Rome from the day of the Pope's death until the election of his successor, and at services on Good Friday. The ordinary rochet must have lace and be tastefully plaited.

2. The uncovered rochet is a sign of Ordinary Jurisdiction. Therefore, the Pope and Cardinals all over the world, Archbishops in their provinces, Bishops in their dioceses, alone have the right to wear the rochet uncovered. (d) Practically the rochet is always partly covered with some other vestment. However, a Cardinal at Rome, a Bishop outside of his diocese, and all the Prelates who have the privilege of wearing the rochet without having "ordinary jurisdiction," should entirely cover the rochet with the mantelletta. (e) Bishops in their dioceses, Archbishops in their provinces, and Cardinals everywhere, except at Rome, wear the mozzetta over the rochet. (f)

3. Cardinals and Bishops belonging to religious orders do not wear the rochet, but only the mozzetta. (g) For sacred functions, they take off the mozzetta and put on the surplice. (h) This rule does not apply to Bishops belonging to Orders of Clerics regular or to Religious Congregations. (i)

4. The Pope, Cardinals and Bishops have a particular right to use the rochet. It is the principal part of their choir-habit. The Rubrics of the Missal direct them to keep the rochet on under the alb when they vest for Mass. (j) Bishops may use the rochet for the administration of the sacraments, for the pastoral visitation and for Confirmation given without solemnity. According to the Ceremonial of Bishops, they should wear the rochet when receiving the Viaticum. (k)

The Protonotaries Apostolic of the first three classes wear the rochet without any other restriction than the obligation to cover it with the mantelletta. (l) The same rule holds good for all the Prelates di mantelletta who belong to a Prelatial College. The Prelates di mantelletta, who do not belong to a college, i. e., those who are simply appointed as "Domestic Prelates," are not permitted to wear the rochet in Rome, unless they are granted that privilege by a personal indult. But they are free to wear it outside of Rome. (m)

The Prelates di mantellone are not entitled to wear the rochet, unless they have received a personal indult to do so. At no time are they allowed to wear it in Rome.

Since the motu propria of Pope Pius X. (Feb. 21, 1905), Titular Protonotaries Apostolic have the privilege of wearing the rochet under the black mantelletta. But as they are merely diocesan Prelates, they are never allowed to wear their prelatial costume in Rome. (n)

5. Ordinarily, Canons are granted the use of the rochet, but only within the limits of the diocese.

6. If Canons have the privilege of the canonial cappa magna, their summer costume in choir consists in wearing the cotta over the rochet; unless they have obtained also the privilege of a summer cappa (a cappa without fur). In both cases, they put on the cotta over the rochet when they have to administer a sacrament. (o)

The cotta is worn over the rochet by the Prelates di mantelletta for ecclesiastical functions and the administration of sacraments. (p) This rule applies to the Prelates di mantellone who have obtained the privilege of wearing the rochet. Bishops wear the cotta over the rochet when performing ecclesiastical functions in presence of the Pope, and especially when they receive holy communion at the Pope's hands on Holy Thursday. (q)

(a) Caer. Episc. I., 1., 2, 8.

(b) Pius IX., Brief Sacerdotalia indumenta (May 14, 1858).

(c) The same regulations apply to the albs worn by Prelates when celebrating Mass.

(d) Caer. Episc. I., iii., 1.

(e) Caer. Episc. I., i., 1.—I., iv., 7.

(f) Caer. Episc. I., i., 1—I., iii., 1.

(g) Caer. Episc. I., i., 4.

(h) Caer. Episc. I., i., 4.— Rub. Miss. —S. R. C., Dec. 8, 1701.— Caer. Episc., II xi. 18.— Pont Rom., Do confirm.; De ordin. conf. —This rule in now hardly observed on account of the numerous privileges granted as personal exceptions. When a religious is made Cardinal or Bishop, he ordinarily receives, at the same time, the privilege of wearing the rochet like secular Prelates. The same privilege Is generally granted to Abbots.

(i) Caer. Episc. I., i., 4.

(j) Rub. Miss. (Ritus serv. in cel. Miss., n. 2).—Pont. Rom. (passim).

(k) Caer. Episc. II., xxxviii., 8.

(l) Pius X., Constit, Inter multiplices (1905), nn. 8, 16, 45.

(m) Barbier De Montault, op. cit., p. 355.

(n) Pius  X.'s Const. Inter multiplied (1905), n. 64.—Before the motu proprio of Pius X., they had a right to wear the rochet under the mantelletta, but in church ceremonies only; now, they have the same right as the other Prelates, to wear the rochet under the mantelletta everywhere and on every occasion, except in Rome, or in any other place where the Pope might actually reside.

(o) S. R. C, Nov. 24, 1625—Nov. 11, 1641—May 14, 1644—April 16, 1842 —July 18, 1675—January 16, 1677, etc., etc.

(p) Caer. Episc, III., vi., 1.— Fisquet, Ceremonies de Rome, pp. 43, 188, 198, 229.

(q) Un Eveque Suffragant— Ceremonial dee Eveques commente, p. 18.

Costume Of Prelates Of the Catholic Church according to Roman Etiquette. By The Rev. John A. Nainfa S.S. Part 15.

CHAPTER V. Cloak.

1. Use. — 2. Material and Shape. — 8. Cloak of Simple Priests and Other Inferior Clergy. — 4. Cloak of Prelates. — 5. Cardinals. — 6. Winter Cloaks.

1. The Roman cloak, which is given, by our clerical tailors, its Italian name of ferraiolo or ferraiolone, (a) is the necessary complement of the ecclesiastical habit, and is worn by all members of the clergy.

In this country, it can hardly be worn, except on solemn occasions, when the full clerical costume is required and admitted, for instance, at banquets, entertainments, receptions of distinguished guests, academic solemnities, etc., etc.

The Roman cloak is required also for the priest or Prelate who delivers a funeral oration ; (b) for the judges of the episcopal court (c) and the examiners of the clergy, whenever they have to discharge the duties of their office.

Priests and Prelates acting as mourners at a funeral take their place in the procession in the mourners' rank, wearing the Roman cloak.

The Chaplains (Familiares) of the Bishop, at Pontifical Mass and other solemn services, should serve in black cassock and cloak, not in surplice. (d)

The cloak,  ferraiolo 

(also ferraiuolo, ferraiolone)

2. The cloak must be made of light material. It is very large, so that it falls in graceful folds about the body from the shoulders to the feet. At the neck, it is tied with two ribbons, and a large stiff collar folding back over the shoulders gives a complete finish to the garment. The cloak should have no lining, except at the collar.

3. The cloak of simple priests and other members of the inferior clergy, is always black and made of light woolen material.

4. The cloak of the Prelates di mantellone is exclusively made of black silk, as well as that of Bishops and Prelates di mantelletta, when they wear their black cassock, trimmed with purple. (e)

Prelate wearing ordinary cassock, cincture
and cloak ("ferraiolone")

Priest wearing the Winter Cloak.

At other times, Bishops and Prelates di mantelletta wear a purple cloak made of plain silk. (f)

5. Cardinals have two different cloaks; one, of scarlet watered silk, for ordinary occasions; the other, purple, worn during penitential seasons and in times of mourning. But this purple cloak differs from that of Bishops in that it is made of watered silk and trimmed with red silk. (g)

The cloak of Prelates belonging to Religious Orders is of the same color as the outer part of the religious habit, as was indicated in the chapter treating of the cassock. There may be found exceptions to this general rule, for the costume of Religious Prelates is regulated by local traditions rather than by strict etiquette; but the rule given here is that followed at the Roman Court and adopted by nearly all Religious Prelates outside of Rome.



6. In winter, Prelates may use a large cloak with a cape attached, over which cape the collar of the cloak is folded back. This cloak is not a garment of etiquette, it is worn only for protection from cold. (h) That of the Pope is made of red cloth. All other Prelates wear the same, made of cloth, red or purple for Cardinals, according to the season, purple or black for Bishops and Prelates di mantelletta, also according to the season, and black for all others. (i)

The winter cloak of the Pope, Cardinals and Patriarchs is bordered with gold.

(a) There exists a difference between the ferraiolo and the ferraiolone. The ferraiolo is the cloak which Is worn in the streets of Rome and other cities of Catholic countries, while the ferraiolone, which is larger and more solemn, is reserved for public occasions.—The word "ferraiolo" should not be corrupted Into "feriolo," as is often done In catalogues of clerical tailors.

(b) Caer. Episc. I., xxii.,  6.—II., xi., 10.—Un Eveque Suffragant, op. cit., p. 295.

(c) Unless It is provided otherwise by diocesan statutes.

(d) Caer Episc. I., xi. t 2-12.—I., xv., 2.— Levavasseur, Fonctions Pontificales (Edition 1904), p. 263.

(e) When walking in private, Cardinals, Bishops and Prelates commonly wear an ordinary cloak of black woolen material (ferraiolo).

(f) This cloak should be of plain purple silk, without red trimmings.

(g) Barbier De Montault, op. cit., pp. 107, 108.—Grimaldi op. cit., Ch. VIII., p. 118.

(h) Barbier De Montault, op. cit., Tom. I., p. 108.—This cloak is the one which our clerical tailors call sometimes "confessional cloak," and sometimes "simarra;" should not have a velvet collar, and should be of the same length as the cassock.

(i) According to often repeated principles, the winter cloak of Religious Prelates is of the same color as the outer part of the habit of the Order.

Costume Of Prelates Of the Catholic Church according to Roman Etiquette. By The Rev. John A. Nainfa S.S. Part 14.

CHAPTER IV.

ClNCTURE.

1. Two Kinds of Cinctures.—2. Use.—8. Who are Entitled to Wear a Cincture? — 4. Irremovable Parish Priests. — 5. Prelates Belonging to Religious Orders. — 6. Indult to Canons. —7. Livery. — 8. Altar Boys.

1. There are two kinds of cinctures, one used in ordinary daily life, the other reserved for church ceremonies and whenever the choir habit is required.

The former, five inches wide, is properly adorned with fringes at both ends. The latter, a little wider, should terminate with tassels or tufts. Both are exclusively made of silk. (a)

2. The cincture, belt, or sash (called fascia in Ceremonials and other Latin documents), (b) is for the Clergy a sign of jurisdiction, and for Prelates a mark of their dignity.

The cincture may be worn over the cassock or over the simar. But there is no obligation to wear it at home in private. The Prelate wears it at home only on extraordinary occasions, for instance, when receiving formal visits, etc.

A BISHOP WEARING THE SIMAR, AND CINCTURE. (note the shoe with a buckle.)

3. The Pope, at all times, whether in home dress or in choir habit, wears a cincture of white watered silk with gold fringes or tassels.

The Cardinals, over the ordinary black cassock or over the simar, wear a red cincture of watered silk adorned with red fringes or tassels. The cincture which they use with the choir cassock matches the color of the cassock, red, purple, or rose-colored, but always has gold tassels at the ends, this being the special privilege of the Pope and Cardinals.

At ordinary times, Bishops and the Prelates di mantelletta are entitled to wear a purple cincture of plain silk over the choir cassock, the ordinary black cassock and the simar. When they wear mourning (black cassock with purple trimmings), they put on a cincture of plain black silk with fringes or tufts of the same color. (c) The cincture of the Prelates di mantellone is of no other color than purple.

4. Irremovable parish priests, as a sign of ordinary jurisdiction, and Rectors of Seminaries as a sign of authority, are privileged to wear a black cincture of plain silk with fringes at the bottom.

5. Cardinals and Bishops belonging to Religious Orders make use of a cincture, the color of which matches that of the cassock, unless special regulations or the traditions of the Order are in opposition to this general rule, as is the case for the Carmelite Cardinals, who wear a purple cincture. Whatever be the color of the cincture, its material is silk, the cincture being one of the accessories of the costume, in which silk is permitted to Religious Prelates.

6. The cincture is conceded by special favor to some' Chapters. But in this case as in that of all other insignia granted to Chapters, the express terms of the concession must be observed strictly, and, unless determined otherwise, the use of the cincture is not permitted outside the limits of the diocese.

7. All who wear a purple cassock as a sign of Livery or domesticity, should wear also a purple cincture. The only exception is in the case of Seminarians, (d) because these wear over their purple cassock an upper garment called soprana, much like the mantellone.

8. The Sacred Congregation of Bites forbids the wearing of a cincture by altar boys. (e)

(a) Barbier de Montault, op. cit., Tom. I., pp. 91, seq., 285, 286.—According to general principles, the cinctures of the Pope end Cardinals are made of watered silk. The other Prelates should content themselves with cinctures of plain silk.

(b) Cfr. for lnet. Pius X's motu proprio "Inter multiplioes," given in Appendix.

(c)  Barbier de Montault, op. cit., Tom. I., p. 285.

(d) Caer. Episc. I., v., 2, 3.—S. R. C, April 8, 1900.

(e) S. R. C, July 0, 1859.

Costume Of Prelates Of the Catholic Church according to Roman Etiquette. By The Rev. John A. Nainfa S.S. Part 13.

CHAPTER III.

Roman Collar.

1. Is Our Collar a "Roman Collar?"—2. A Practical Remark. — 3. Sign of Prelacy. — 4. Colors.

1. Ecclesiastics who have lived or studied in Borne may have noticed that what we usually call a "Roman Collar" is a collar indeed, but not Roman.

Our Roman Collar, so-called, consists of two parts, a starched circle of white linen—the collar, and a« piece of cloth or silk, to which the collar itself is fastened by means of buttons, hooks, etc., and has been given the somewhat strange name of "rabbi."

Now, it may be a surprise to many, but it is none the less true, that what is familiar to us under the name of "rabbi" is the true Roman collar, called in Rome collaro.

The Roman collaro is made up of a loose breast-piece and of a rigid circle of the same material. The rigid part is properly the collar, and is maintained stiff by slipping into it a piece of light cardboard or leather. In order to keep the collar clean, a changeable band of white linen (collarino) is placed over it and fixed behind with two silver clips. It is that small band of linen which has grown into the stiff affair now worn, and has usurped among us the name of "Roman collar."

And so well has it succeeded in its usurpation, that it has been adopted almost universally, not only in this country, but elsewhere, and even in Italy, as the new form of the Roman collar. In Rome now nobody objects to its use. And if we consider that this new form of the "Roman collar" renders it easier to wear as a part of the civilian dress of ecclesiastics, we have every reason not to change what may be regarded as the universal custom on this point. The only change that might be suggested to ecclesiastics and tailors would be to do away with that peculiar Jewish word "rabbi," which is certainly out of place here, and could be advantageously replaced by the Italian word collaro. (a)

2. Though treating exclusively of the prelatial costume, it may not be useless to remark here that the collaro, for priests and: for other members of the inferior clergy, must be made entirely of woolen material, silk being reserved for the collaro of Prelates and of such dignitaries as have received a special indult to that effect. A fortiori, velvet is never allowed, nor even conceded.

Therefore, good sisters and pious ladies who, at Christmas time, overwhelm priests and seminarians with gifts of "rabbis," should take notice of this rule and offer only woolen collari.

3. The collaro is essentially a sign of Prelacy, when it is made of another color than black. (b)Those who wear the red or purple cassock by privilege or custom, without being Prelates, should never wear a red or purple collaro, unless it is expressly granted by an Apostolic indult. The same rule applies to all who wear a purple cassock as a livery dress.

4. The Pope's collaro is white, like the main parts of his official dress. That of the Cardinals is scarlet; of Bishops and other Prelates, purple. (c) When a Chapter have received the privilege of wearing red or purple collari, they are not allowed to wear them outside the limits of their diocese. (d)

(a) The "single band Roman collar'' which seems to be In favor In some parts of the country, and is advertised as a "speciality" by certain clerical tailors, should be left to the clergymen of the "Episcopal Church."

(b) Cong, of Bps. and Beg., 1848. Amalphitan.—Gregory XVI.'s Brief, Eccleisiasticos viros,  Nov. 17, 1848.

(c) Religious Prelates should wear a collaro of the same color as the cassock.

(d) Decrees quoted above.

Costume Of Prelates Of the Catholic Church according to Roman Etiquette. By The Rev. John A. Nainfa S.S. Part 12.

CHAPTER II.

SIMAR.

1. Name. — 2. Use. — S. Shape. — 4. Different Sorts. — 5. A Sign of Jurisdiction. — 6. Removable Rectors. —7. The "Zimarra" of Seminarians.

1. Encyclopedias are generally very incomplete, often Inexact, in their articles on the Catholic Church. Since the sixteenth century, the English tongue has been mainly Protestant. Hence, the necessity of recurring to foreign or improper terms when we wish to speak of certain things pertaining to the Liturgy of the Church.

We see this exemplified in the case of the ecclesiastical garment of which we are treating in this Chapter. For lack of a proper English word, the terms cassock and zimarra have been adopted by ecclesiastics and tailors. The former designation (cassock or "home-cassock") is not exact, this garment being somewhat different from the cassock properly so-called. The word "zimarra" is the Italian name of this garment, and has the same etymology and all the different meanings of the English word simar. So let us take at least this opportunity of doing away with an improper and a foreign word, and of adopting the English word simar, with its Catholic meaning of an ecclesiastical vestment resembling the cassock, but differing from it in that it is adorned with short, buttoned false sleeves and a small unclosed cape adhering to the collar.

2. Strictly speaking, the "simar" should be a house garment, a kind of ecclesiastical morning gown. However, during the past century, it became customary to wear it outside of the house, and even at Papal audiences. (a) Prelates may wear the simar at home, and even, in Catholic countries, outside as a street dress. (b) But it should not be worn in church, especially for public services, the cassock only being the proper vestment for the church.

Nevertheless, a certain custom admits the simar to be worn in the church, not, however, for public functions. It may be worn also, for the celebration of Low Mass, both in the private chapel of the Prelate and in church. (c)

3. The shape of. the simar is the same as that of the ordinary cassock, with the few aforesaid exceptions. It never admits of a train, and is always, with the exception of the Pope's, black, and of woolen material.

4. The Pope's simar. is white. He generally wears it all day, except when he puts on his choir habit. The many portraits of Pius IX., Leo XIII., and Pius X. have made the shape of this garment familiar to us.

The Cardinals' simar is black with scarlet trimmings.

The same black simar, trimmed with amaranth red, is also worn by Bishops and by the Prelates di mantelletta on ordinary days. But Bishops and the Prelates di mantelletta, on penitential or mourning days, and the Prelates di mantellone at all times, wear a black simar trimmed with purple.

Religious properly so-called, when appointed Cardinals or Bishops, adopt a simar of the same color as that of the religious habit of their Order, an exception being made for the Franciscans, who, then wear an ash-colored simar like their cassock.

Clerics Regular wear a simar like that of secular Prelates.

5. Certain dignitaries wear an entirely black simar as an external sign of ordinary jurisdiction or authority. These are the Vicars General, the irremovable parish-priests, and Rectors of Seminaries. (d)

6. Removable Rectors of Churches, Curates and other priests are by no means entitled to wear a simar. (e)

7. According to Roman etiquette, Seminarians should wear a purple cassock in church and even, in Catholic countries, out of doors. But in the Seminary, they wear as their ordinary dress a simar peculiar to them, which has no false sleeves, thus indicative of inferior dignity. It is understood that this simar must be the regular house garment and not a kind of winter overcoat.

(a) Un Eveque Suffragant, op. cit., pp. 18, 14.

(b) Ibid.—In this country, clerical tailors call "gimarra" a sort of surtout, which partakes of the simar and of the overcoat or "douillette," but has nothing in common with proper etiquette.

(c) Barbier de Montault, op. cit., pp. 89, 90.

(d) The simar of these priests being a token of dignity or Jurisdiction and not simply a house dress, they may wear it in church, but never with the choir-habit or for sacred functions. This simar must be of black woolen material. A silk simar would be in opposition to the most elementary rules of etiquette. It is understood that, if they are Prelates otherwise, they wear the simar trimmed with red or purple, according to their rank in the Prelature.

(e) It is, therefore, a mistake to consider the simar as a "cassock for priests," as is done in some dioceses of Great Britain, where seminarians wear an ordinary cassock, and, as soon as they are ordained, put on a simar.— (Cfr. the decree of the Council of Westminster, quoted by Taunton in The Law of the Church under the heading "Habit.")

Costume Of Prelates Of the Catholic Church according to Roman Etiquette. By The Rev. John A. Nainfa S.S. Part 11.

PART II.

DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE PRELATICAL COSTUME.

In this Second Part, all the different pieces of the prelatical dress will be studied successively, each one furnishing the subject of a short and substantial chapter.

CHAPTER I. cont.

Article II.

Choir Cassock.

1. Its use.-2. Its Shape.—3. Pope.—4. Cardinals.—5. Archbishops and Bishops. — 6. Prelates di Mantelletta. —7. Prelates di Mantellone. — 8. Chapters.—9. Livery.—10. Religious.

1. The choir cassock is so called because it is worn by Prelates in choir, (a) at the public ceremonies of the Church. It may be worn also on some certain specified occasions on which a Prelate is called upon to vest in his choir habit.

2. The shape of the choir cassock, according to Roman etiquette, is almost the same as that of the ordinary cassock. The only exception is that the choir cassock has a train, which may be let down on occasions determined by the Ceremonial. (b)

The materials and colors of choir cassocks differ, and thus mark the different degrees in the ecclesiastical hierarchy.

3. The Pope, whenever he has to appear in his choir habit, puts on a cassock of white watered silk, over which, for ecclesiastical functions, "chapels," consistories, he puts the falda, a kind of large skirt of the same color and material. (c)

CARDINAL VESTED IN CHURCH CASSOCK,
CINCTURE WITH GOLD TASSELS, ROCHET.
MANTELLETTA AND MOZZETTA.

4. The choir cassock of the Cardinals is scarlet red at ordinary times; in penitential seasons, and on occasions of mourning, like the vacancy of the Holy See or when they attend a funeral; and rose-colored on the third Sunday of Advent (Gaudate) and the fourth Sunday of Lent (Laetare). (d) Both the red and purple cassocks must be made of watered silk for summer, and of fine cloth for winter. (e) 

5. As is well known, the ordinary choir cassock of a Bishop is purple, with lining, cuffs and trimmings of crimson red silk. (f) But the cassock itself must be exclusively made of woollen material, as cloth in winter and merino in summer, (g) unless the Bishop has received the title of Assistant at the Pontifical Throne.

Choir Cassock

We say "the ordinary choir cassock" because, on penitential days and occasions of mourning, funerals, etc., the Bishop ought to wear a black cassock, trimmed with purple silk. (h) As already noted, this black choir cassock should not be mistaken for the every-day cassock, which, as was said in the preceding article, is black, without a train, and trimmed with red silk.

The days on which the Bishop may wear his purple cassock are indicated by the Ceremonial of Bishops, Book I., chapter II. (i)

As the black cassock prescribed for penitential days is not used by the members of the Papal Court, the Bishops who have been honored with the title of Assistants at the Papal Throne must wear, when actually living in Rome, their purple cassock, regardless of the paragraph of the Ceremonial of Bishops just alluded to. The only occasions on which they wear the black choir cassock in Rome, are upon the vacancy of the Holy See, (j) and on Good Friday.

6. All the regulations concerning the wearing of the choir cassock by Bishops apply to the Prelates di mantelletta; but, both in Rome and elsewhere, these Prelates always rank as members of the Pontifical Court and Household, and, as such, follow the same etiquette as is to be observed by the Assistants at the Pontifical Throne when in Rome, that is, they wear a purple choir cassock of silk in summer, and of fine cloth in winter, trimmed, like that of Bishops, with crimson red silk, without regard to the liturgical season; these Prelates being forbidden to wear mourning, except at the Pope's death, until the election of his successor, and on Good Friday. (k)

7. The Prelates di mantellone do not wear mourning at the Pope's death; because they are appointed for his lifetime only and lose their Prelacy at his death. Nor do they wear the penitential costume, for they belong to the Papal Court. Therefore, they make use of only one choir cassock of purple silk in summer, and of purple cloth in winter, as is prescribed for all members of the Pontifical Household. But their cassock differs from that of Bishops and of the Prelates di mantelletta inasmuch as it is without train, and is not trimmed with red, but with purple silk of a lighter hue than that of the cassock. (l)

8. Certain Chapters enjoy the privilege of wearing in choir a red or purple cassock. When such a privilege is granted by the Sovereign Pontiff, precise regulations accompany, the indult of concession as to the material, shape and color of the cassock, and the occasions on which it is to be used. It is the duty of the Ordinary to care for the exact observance of these prescriptions.

9. The purple cassock, which is worn as a livery garment, is made like that of the Prelates di mantellone. It has no train, and is trimmed with purple of a lighter hue.

10. Religious promoted to episcopal dignity or to the Cardinalate wear a choir cassock shaped like that of secular Bishops and Cardinals, but of the same color as the habit of the Order to which they belong; the cassock of the Franciscans being ash-colored gray, as already said. Members of religious Congregations, or Clerics Regular, vest like secular Prelates.

(a) The choir is the part of the church where the clergy seat when assisting at some church ceremony.

(b) Barbier de Montault, op. cit, Tom. I., p. 275.

(c) H. Fisquet, Ceremonies bde Rome, pp. 35, 44, 55, 191, 200... Barbier de Montault, op. cit, Tom. I., p. 275. Barbier de Montault, op. cit, Tom. I., p. 275.—Un Evique Suffragant, op. cit., p. 274.— Lerosey (edition 1902, revised by A. Vigourel, S. S.), Abrege du Manuel Liturgique, Part V., ch. V., p. 602.

(d)  Ferrraris, Bibliotheca, Art. Cardinales.

(e) Barbier de Montault, op. cit, Tom. I., p. 275.

(f) Caer. Episc. I., iii., 1.

(g) Caer. Episc. I., i., 1.

(h) Caer. Episc. I., iii., 2.

(i)

(j) Barbier de Montault, op. cit, Tom. I., p. 276.—Grimaldi, op. cit., Ch. V.

(k)  Barbier de Montault, op. cit, Tom. I., p. 276.

(l) Ibid.—S. B. C, June 17, 1678—March 80, 1675—Sept 12, 1840— July 21, 1855.

Costume Of Prelates Of the Catholic Church according to Roman Etiquette. By The Rev. John A. Nainfa S.S. Part 10.

PART II.

DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE PRELATICAL COSTUME.

In this Second Part, all the different pieces of the prelatical dress will be studied successively, each one furnishing the subject of a short and substantial chapter.

CHAPTER I.

Cassock or Soutane.

Cassock. — Prescription op Councils. — Two Kinds of Prelatial Cassocks. — Ordinary Cassock. — Choir Cassock.

The Cassock (or Soutane, Vestis, Vestis talaris, Subtanna, Subtanea) is the principal part of the ecclesiastical costume. It is a long, close garment covering the entire body from the neck to the feet, hence its Latin name, Vestis talaris, a garment reaching to the heels. (a)

All the decrees of Councils, legislating upon ecclesiastical attire, prescribe that the cassock is to be worn by all clerics in sacred Orders in the place of their residence. (b)

The decree of the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore is as follows: " . . . Volumus itaque et praecipimus ut omnes Ecclesiae legem servent, domique agentes vel in templo, veste talari, quae clerico propria est, semper utantur."— III., 77. (c)

The obligation of "wearing the cassock is the same for Prelates, Priests and other clerics; (d) but here we treat only of the cassock as worn by Prelates, and we distinguish two kinds of prelatial cassocks:

1. The ordinary or every-day cassock.

2. The choir cassock.

Article I.

Ordinary Cassock.

1. Its Shape and Use. — 2. Pope. — 3. Cardinals.—4. Archbishops, Bishops and Prelates di Mantelletta. —5. Prelates di Mantellone. — 6. Canons. —7. Religious. — 8. Clerics Regular.

1. The ordinary cassock is that worn by Prelates in daily life, at home and in church, at private ceremonies, * such as the celebration of Low Mass, etc. In Catholic countries, it is worn out of doors.

This cassock should not be mistaken for the "simar," which will be dealt with in the following chapter.

The model of the ordinary cassock, according to Roman etiquette, is the same as that universally adopted in this country. It must be noted, however, that the front part should be made of only one piece dropping from the neck to the feet, (e) and not of two pieces (waist and skirt) sewed together, as is often done.

The sleeves are wide, and are turned up with plain cuffs without buttons.

From the neck to the feet, the front part is fastened with a row of small round buttons covered with silk.

The collar (a standing collar) is cut in front, in order to show the Roman collar.

This cassock has no train; its bottom is cut round, the front and the back being of equal length. The train is the distinctive characteristic of the choir cassock. (f)

The garment has two pockets, one on each side. Interior pockets may be added at will, but there should be no exterior pocket for the watch, Roman etiquette forbidding any metallic ornament other than the chain of the pectoral cross. The watch maybe put in the pocket of the vest, or in a special pocket on the inside of the cassock.

The ordinary cassock varies in color, according to the different degrees of the ecclesiastical hierarchy.

2. The Pope's ordinary cassock is entirely white, without trimmings of any color. The material for this cassock is brilliant silk satin, in summer, and fine cloth in winter. White watered silk is ordinarily reserved for his choir cassock. (g)

3. The ordinary cassock of Cardinals is made of black woollen material lined and trimmed with scarlet red silk. (h)

4. Archbishops, Bishops, and the Prelates di mantelletta wear the same ordinary cassock as the Cardinals; except that the trimmings and lining are of amaranth red silk, instead of scarlet. (i)

5. The Prelates di mantellone wear also the same cassock, but with purple trimmings and lining. (j)

6. Some Canons (for instance, those of Montreal, Canada,) are allowed a special cassock with red or purple trimmings (purple for those of Montreal); but this cassock should never be worn outside of the limits of the diocese in which the Chapter is constituted.

7. Religious, when promoted to Cardinalate or to the episcopal dignity, lay aside the habit of the Order and wear the cassock; but for them there is no difference of color between the ordinary cassock and the choir cassock; both cassocks are of the same color as the habit of the Order, as was said in the preceding chapter. (k)

8. Cardinals and Bishops taken from Religious Congregations or Orders of Clerics Regular follow, as regards their ordinary cassocks, the rules laid down for Prelates belonging to the secular clergy.

(a) Rubric of the Missal, Rit. serv. in celeb. Miss., n. 2.

(b) Council of Trent, Sess. XIV., Cap. VI., De Reform.

(c) .... We wish, therefore, and we command that all [ecclesiastics] keep the Law of the Church, and, whether at home or in church, always wear the cassock, which Is the proper garb for clerics."

(d) Council of Trent., Sess. XIV., Decret de Reform. Prooemium.

(e) Barbier de Montault, op. cit., Tom. I., p. 78, seq.

(f) Barbier de Montault, loc. cit. — Grimaldi, op. cit. p. 53.

(g) Grimaldi, op. cit. Ch. I. — Barbier de Montault, op. cit., Tom. I., p. 275.— Baron Gerame, Visit to Rome, letter X—J. De Narpon, Leon XIII. p. 186.

(h) Un Eveque Suffragant, op. cit., p. 13. Barbier de Montault, op. cit., Tom. I., p. 84. We may remark here, once for all, that the trimmings of the prelatlcal dress consist of a number of small ornaments, the color of which is ordinarily different from that of the principal parts of the costume. These are buttons, buttonholes, cords, stitchings, cuffs and two small strips or strings, on the back of the cassock, destined to support the sash. The lining of the garment is of the same color as the trimmings, and of the same material, plain silk.

(i) Pius X., Constit. Inter multiplied (1905), nn. 16, 17.

(j) Pius X., same Constit., n. 79.

(k) Caer. Episc. I., 1., 4.—Cap. Clerici, 15. de vita et honest. clericorum—Ferraris, Bibliotheca, Art. Epoiscopus, VII.

Costume Of Prelates Of the Catholic Church according to Roman Etiquette. By The Rev. John A. Nainfa S.S. Part 9.

CHAPTER III. Colors.

1. Colors Used. — 2. Regulars. — 3. Black. — 4. Purple. — 5. A Very Common Error. . . .— 6. White. —7. Scarlet Red. — 8. Amaranth Red. — 9. Other Colors.

1. The colors adopted for the ecclesiastical costume are: White, Red, Purple and Black. To these colors proper for the secular clergy, must be added the different colors fixed for the Religious Orders by their respective Constitutions. (a)

2. We have previously remarked that when a member of some Religious Order is promoted to the Cardinalate or episcopal dignity, he must retain, for his prelatical costume, the color used for the habit of the Order to which he belongs. However, he may adopt a finer material and the shape of the costume of secular Prelates. We speak here of the Religious Orders properly so-called only, as Benedictines, Carmelites, Franciscans, Dominicans, etc. The Clerics Regular, as Jesuits, Redemptorists, Theatines,etc, when promoted to prelatical rank, adopt for their costume that of secular Prelates, without, however, being allowed to use silk, except for the cincture, skull-cap and other small accessories. (b)

3. Since the seventeenth century, Hack is the obligatory color for the clothing of the secular clergy of second rank in all the Western Church. (c) There is no exception to this general regulation, save for the clergy of tropical countries, who are permitted to wear white clothes on account of the exceedingly hot climate; and for seminarians and members of the Bishop's household, who should wear a purple cassock.

Prelates, Bishops and the members of the Sacred College also use black (d) for their everyday costume (and their street-dress in Catholic countries); but their black dress is trimmed with red or purple, according to their rank in the hierarchy, and the different seasons of the ecclesiastical year, as will be explained further on.

4. Purple, or violet, is a sign both of Prelature and of Livery. It especially characterizes the Prelature and the Episcopacy; but as it is an official dress, it can be worn only in church and on certain well defined occasions.

Purple is the proper color to be used by Cardinals in times of penance and mourning, while Bishops should, at such times, make use of black only. The general rule holds good, that when Cardinals exchange their red costume for purple, Bishops exchange their purple for black. (e)

5. It is an error to suppose that a purple cassock is exclusively a prelatical privilege. It is likewise the color reserved for ecclesiastical Livery.

First of all, it is the color used by the whole Pontifical Household. (f) With the exception of the Bussolanti, who are clad in red, all others, no matter what their rank, dignity or employment at the Papal Court, Prelates, ushers of the palace, chanters, clerics, acolytes of the Papal chapel, chamber valets, etc., all wear purple as a distinctive sign of their rank, dignity or office. (g)

Secondly, purple is the color of the episcopal Livery. Thus, according to rules laid down by the Ceremonials, (h)

Masters of Ceremonies of the cathedral church, the train-bearer of the Bishop, (i) the cross-bearer of the Metropolitan, (j) all the members of the diocesan Seminary, as well as the employees of the cathedral, namely, sacristans, ushers, chanters, etc., all wear purple.

The use of purple for the collaro, belt, and stockings, is an exclusive prelatial privilege, and the purple skull-cap and purple biretta are exclusive episcopal insignia. Therefore, those who may wear a purple cassock as a livery costume are never allowed to wear a purple collaro, or purple stockings, much less a purple skull-cap or a purple biretta.

6. White is reserved for the Pope. He uses it for his cassock, simar and other ordinary clothing. But he uses red for his cloak, mozzetta, hat and shoes. (k)

7. Scarlet red is proper for Cardinals. (l)

8. Bishops and the Prelates di mantelletta may use amaranth red for the trimmings of their black dress, such as buttons, buttonholes, lining, etc. The trimmings of their purple dress are of crimson red. At all times, the same accessories must be purple in the dress of the Prelates di mantellone; and, for Bishops, in penitential seasons and on occasions of mourning.

9. Other colors that may be met with in some places are worn through special privileges granted by the Sovereign Pontiff, or in virtue of immemorial customs.

(a) Benedict XIII., Const. cit.— Ferraris, Bibliotheca, art Episcopus.

(b) Caer. Episc, I., 1., 4.

(c) Decree of Pope Urban VIII. (Novem. 26, 1624).

(d) Cf. Un Eveque Suffragant, Ceremonial des Eveques commente et explique, p. 13.

(e) Barbier de Montault, op. cit, Tom. I., p. 58.

(f) Grimaldi, Les congregations romainee, ch. V.

(g) Barbier de Montault, op. cit, Tom. I., p. 58.

(h) Caer. Episc. I., v., 4.—S. R. C., February 29, 1868—Dec. 14, 1894.

(i) Levavasseur-Haegy, Fonctions Pontificales, II., p. 273.—S. R. C., Aug. 2, 1608.—Jan. 24, 1660.

(j) Levavasseur-Haegy, Fonctions Pontificales, II., p. 805.

(k) All Ceremonials in loco. — Barbier de Montault, op. cit., Tom. I., p. 57. —Baron Geramb, Visit to Rome, Letter X., pp. 98-104.— Fisquet, Ceremonies de Rome (passim).

(l) Decree of Innocent IV. (1244).—Decree of Boniface VIII. (1248). — Barbosa, Iuris eccles. univ., Lib. I., Cap. III., n. 8.

Costume Of Prelates Of the Catholic Church according to Roman Etiquette. By The Rev. John A. Nainfa S.S. Part 8.

PART I. 

CHAPTER II. Materials.

1. Different Kinds of Materials. — 2. Velvet Reserved for the Pope. — 3. Other Materials Proper for the Pope. 4. Watered Silk.—5. Plain Silk.—6. Cloth and Other Woollen Materials. —7. Seasons.

1. The various materials used for the ecclesiastical costume are, velvet, watered silk, plain silk, cloth and other woollen materials, as serge, merino ("drap d'ete"), etc.

2. Velvet is exclusively reserved for the Pope. No ecclesiastic, whatever may be his dignity, is allowed to have any part of his costume made of this material. (a) It is hardly necessary to remark that this principle is opposed to the practice of wearing a velvet biretta, and of ornamenting the cassock with a velvet collar or velvet cuffs.

Some old ceremonials, or other books dealing with ecclesiastical etiquette, generally of French or German origin, assert that velvet cuffs on the purple cassock of Bishops are a privilege of the "Assistants at the Pontifical Throne;" but this assertion has no foundation in law or practice.

3. Besides velvet, the Pope makes use of silk, either watered or plain; but, among silk materials, satin likewise is exclusively reserved for him. In winter, he lays aside his silk dress, and wears a light one of fine cloth. Both in winter and summer, he wears a dress of serge on penitential days. (b)

4. Watered silk is reserved for Cardinals. They make use of this rich and beautiful material for the choir-cassock, cappa magna and mozzetta during summer. In winter, their cassocks and mozzette are of cloth. (c)

5. Plain silk is the material of which the costumes of the Papal Court and Household are made. (d) In summer, the Prelates di mantelletta and the Prelates di mantellone, whether they live at the Roman court or outside of the City, must wear a cassock of plain purple silk, and, respectively, a mantelletta or a mantellone of the same material. Cloth replaces silk in winter. (e)

Those Bishops who have received the title of Assistants at the Pontifical Throne belong to the Papal Household and are, therefore, entitled to wear a silk costume, but only when they actually live in Rome. Outside of the papal city, they are not allowed to wear a dress different from that of other Bishops. (f)

6. According to the Ceremonial of Bishops, cloth and, other woollen materials only are allowed to be used in making the costumes of the Cardinals who belong to Religious Orders, of Archbishops, Bishops And Clergy. For them all, etiquette prescribes cloth in winter, and some lighter material, as merino, in summer. (g)

Although Archbishops and Bishops are not allowed to wear a silk dress, yet they may use that material for the accessories of their costumes, as collaro, skull-cap, cincture, stockings, etc.; but the silk must be plain; nobody, except Cardinals, being permitted to wear watered silk. A fortiori, velvet must be avoided.

7. There are but two seasons in the year with regard to ecclesiastical dress, winter and summer. No rule, however, has been determined for the beginning or the end of these seasons. It is the Bishop who has to regulate this for his own diocese. Generally speaking, summer is supposed to begin about Easter, and winter, about All Saints' Day.

(a) Barbier de Montault, Le costume et les usages ecclestiastiques. Tom. I., p. 53, seq.—The only exception is found in the costume of train-bearers; these wear a purple cassock with buttons and trimmings of black velvet; but this cassock is rather a livery-garment than a piece of ecclesiastical dress.

(b) Barbier de Montault, loc. cit — Battandier, Annuaire Pontifical (1902), p. 104.— Grimaldi, op. cit, ch. I., p. 6, seq.—Baron Geramb, Visit to Rome, pp. 98-104.

(c) Barbier de Montault, op. cit, Tom. I., p. 54.— Grimaldi, op. cit, ch. V., p. 60.

(d) Same references.

(e) Same references.

(f) Barbier de Montault, ibid. — Grimaldi, op. cit, ch. V., pp. 61, 62.

(g) Caer. Episc. I., i., 1.—I., iii., 1.—Cap. Clerici, 45. De vita et Hon. Cler. — Benedict XIII., Const. Custodes (March 7, 1725).—Un Eveque Suffragant, Le Ceremonial des Eveques comments et explique'. Liv. I., Ch. I., p. 2.

Costume Of Prelates Of the Catholic Church according to Roman Etiquette. By The Rev. John A. Nainfa S.S. Part 7.

PART I. 

GENERAL PRINCIPLES.

CHAPTER I. PRELATURES. continued.

An Abbot nullius in his territory may wear the cappa magna (a) of the same shape and color as the Bishops belonging to the Order; but this vestment, if not personally conceded, can not lawfully be worn by simple Abbots.

All Abbots, without regard to the color of their monastic habit, are free to wear a black hat with cords and tassels of the same color, and also a black biretta and a black skull-cap. They place their black hat over their armorial shield.

Abbots General have, as a rule, the same honorary privileges as the Abbots nullius; but they have no territorial jurisdiction, their authority extending only over the monks of the Order.

The Prelates of the Roman Court.

The Pope, Cardinals, Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops, Bishops and Abbots are properly and canonically called "Prelates." But, besides these, there is, in the Roman Church, a class of officials invested by the Pope with the title and dignity of Prelates, who are commonly entitled "Roman Prelates," or "Prelates of the Roman Court," Romanae Curiae Antistites.

Formerly, these Prelates were simply the officers of the Papal Court, composing the household of the Sovereign Pontiff, or filling different offices in the "Congregations." Little by little, especially during the last century, the number of these Prelates was largely increased by the conferring upon priests the title and honors attached to these offices, without, however, granting these new dignitaries any part in the general administration of the Church.

These honorary dignities, bestowed upon a priest, give him the title and honors attached to them, with a determined precedence over certain other classes of ecclesiastics ; but do not affect his jurisdiction.

The papal household is composed of two classes of Prelates : the Prelates di mantelletta and the Prelates di mantellone, so called from the kind of official garment they wear. The Prelates di mantelletta are really "Prelates" their title is personal and their appointment is for life. Their Prelatnre is something permanent, and they can be dismissed only for nnworthiness or crime, after a regular trial, or motu proprio, by a positive act of the Sovereign Pontiff.

The Prelates di mantellone enjoy the title and honors of Prelates, though they are not Prelates in reality. Their Prelature is simply an office or an honor attached to an office, and it does not affect their personality. Their "Prelature" is not permanent, though they are not dismissed except for cause. However, they lose their title and their office on the Pope's death, because they are regarded as his personal officers, and his successor is not bound to keep the same attendants.

When the new Pope is elected, they may apply for a renewal of their Prelacy, and the favor is generally granted without any difficulty. But, during the vacancy of the Holy See, and until they are reinstated by the newly-elected Pope, they must faithfully abstain from wearing the costume proper to the dignity which they have lost.

The Patriarchs, Archbishops and Bishops Assistants at the Pontifical Throne, and the Prelates di mantelletta, essentially constitute the household of the Sovereign Pontiff, hence their general title of "Domestic Prelates."

If the Prelates di mantelletta belong to a "College," (b) they bear the title especially attributed to the members of that College; if they do not belong to a College, they are simply given the general title of Domestic Prelates.

The different Colleges of Domestic Prelates are:

The Patriarchs.

The Archbishops and Bishops Assistants at the Pontifical Throne.

The Protonotaries (c) Apostolic.

The Auditors of the Rota.

The Clerks of the Rev. Apostolic Camera.

The Prelates voting and referees of the Signature.

The Abbreviators of the Major Park.

After these Prelates, come those who do not belong to a College, styled in general "Domestic Prelates."

There are four classes of Protonotaries Apostolic:

1. The Protonotaries Apostolic de numero participantium, i. e., of. the number of the participating, generally reckoned as "Protonotaries Apostolic di numero," who form a "College" of seven Prelates, acting as official Notaries to the Sovereign Pontiff.

2. The Protonotaries Apostolic Supernumerary, who obtain their title from being appointed Canons of certain Roman Basilicas.

3. The Protonotaries Apostolic ad instar participantium (or, more usually, "ad instar"), who may obtain their title either by their appointment as Canons of certain Cathedrals, the Chapter of which have been granted such privilege, or—and this is the general rule—from being raised to that dignity by the Sovereign Pontiff. The Prelates, known as "Protonotaries Apostolic" in this country, belong to this third class of Protonotaries.

4. The "Titular (or Honorary) Protonotaries Apostolic," also called "Black Protonotaries," are not members of the Pontifical Household; they enjoy the privileges of the prelatical rank only outside of the City of Rome, and, as will be said later, their prelatial dress is entirely black, without any addition of red or purple.

Such Protonotaries are nowadays very seldom directly appointed. But, since 1905, the title and honors of Titular Protonotaries Apostolic belong, pleno iure, to the Vicars General of Bishops, and to the Vicars Capitular of vacant dioceses, if these dignitaries are not Prelates otherwise.

The important privileges peculiar to the different classes of Protonotaries Apostolic have been recently modified, and are all expressed in the Constitution Inter multiplices, issued motu proprio by Pope Pius X., on February 21, 1905. Therefore, all manuals treating of the subject should be corrected according to the regulations of that document. (d)

The other Prelatial Colleges consist of Prelates who hold offices with practical functions in Roman Congregations and Tribunals and who are bound to reside in Rome.

After these, come those Prelates di mantelletta, who have been much increased numerically in these last years, who belong to no College, and who, therefore, are simply called "Domestic Prelates."

As has been said, the Prelates di mantellone are the attendants on the person of the Holy Father. They belong to two different classes, Chamberlains and Chaplains.

Those who have to fulfill real functions in the Vatican Palace are styled "participating" or "di numero" the others are honorary.

Their order of precedence is as follows:

Private Chamberlains participating.

Private Chamberlains supernumerary.

Private Chamberlains of honor in abito paonazzo. (e)

Private Chamberlains extra Urbem (outside the city).

Private Chaplains participating.

Private Chaplains of honor.

Private Chaplains extra Urbem (outside the city).

The Six Common Chaplains participating.

Common Chaplains supernumerary.

All these Prelates wear the same costume, and are given the same marks of honor. Those entitled extra Urbem, that is, "outside the City of Rome," are never allowed to make use, of their prelatical privileges in Rome. They could, however, do so in the presence of the Pope, should he happen to take up his residence outside of Rome, as was quite often done before the invasion of the Pontifical States by the House of Savoy.

All that regards the costumes of these Prelates will be found hereafter in the Chapter which treats of the Mantellone.

The classes of Prelates are so numerous that, though only a few lines have been devoted to each, this chapter has taken on unusual length. This, however, was necessary, as in the succeeding chapters, constant allusions and references will be made to these various classes of Prelates, allusions and references which would not be easily understood without the general notions just indicated.

(a) Barbier De Montault, Le costume et les usages ecclesiastiques, Tom. I., p. 375.

(b) The word "College" means a group or assembly of Prelates invested with the same title, enjoying the same honors and privileges, and performing the same functions at the Roman Court.

(c) Throughout this treatise the word Protonotary is spelled without the "h," which Is usually inserted. Protonotary is derived from protos, first, not from prothos. The Latin, Italian, French, Spanish languages retain proto in protonotary, just as In protomartyr and similar compound words. Can any good reason be given for writing prothonotary, except that some one else has done it?—P. A. Baart, Tht Roman Court, Preface.

(d) This Important document is given in full in Appendix II.

 (e) "In purple habit."